Reinforcing Indonesia’s Maritime Identity
Strategic Narratives within the Belt and Road Initiative Framework
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37535/103005220245Keywords:
strategic narrative, diplomacy,, global communication,, Global Maritime Fulcrum, , Belt and Road InitiativeAbstract
This study examines Indonesia's strategic communication within the framework of the global maritime fulcrum, utilizing the theoretical framework of strategic narratives, which encompasses system, identity, and policy narratives (Miskimmon, O'Loughlin, & Roselle, 2013). This study analyzes how the Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) vision is projected to enhance Indonesia's diplomatic standing in the Indo-Pacific region. The findings reveal that system narratives are employed to promote a rules-based order, identity narratives reinforce Indonesia's role as a maritime nation and middle power, while policy narratives support the implementation of the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP) to foster mutually beneficial regional collaboration. GMF as a strategic narrative is utilized by Indonesia to benefit from the China-initiated Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), while maintaining its strategic autonomy and leadership at the regional level. Additionally, this research also highlights the three stages of strategic narrative: formation, projection, and reception by global audiences. However, the research is limited by the lack of empirical evaluation regarding the effectiveness of these narratives both domestically and internationally. Future research should focus on analyzing stakeholder perceptions at the regional level and domestic public reception of the GMF narrative, as well as exploring deeper utilization of media to maximize global reception.
References
Abdussamad, Z. (2021). Buku Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (P. Rapanna (ed.);I). OSF Preprints.
Akhdev Pratiwi, G. S., & Witono, A. (2024). Lark: As a medium of interpersonal communication for TNS employees to manage work stress amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Communication & Public Relations, 3(1), 41-62. https://doi.org/10.37535/105003120244
Antaranews.com. (2016, Juni 13). Indonesia tekankan kerja sama maritim pada ASEAN-China. ANTARA News. Diperoleh 21 Juni 2023 dari https://www.antaranews.com/berita/567178/indonesia-tekankan-kerjasama-maritim-pada-asean-china
Antaranews.com. (2020, November 6). China dukung sentralitas ASEAN. ANTARA News. Diperoleh 21 Juni 2023 dari https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1824148/china-dukung-sentralitasasean
Anwar, D. F. (2020, Januari). Indonesia and the ASEAN outlook on the IndoPacific. International Affairs, 96(1)(111-129). https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-abstract/96/1/111/5697504
Asean.org. (2018, November 16). Chairman's Statement of the 13th East Asia Summit. ASEAN.org. Diperoleh 20 Juni 2023 dari https://asean.org/chairmans-statement-of-the-13th-east-asia-summit/
Asean.org. (2019a, Juni 23). ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific. ASEAN.org. Diperoleh 21 Juni 2023 dari https://asean.org/speechandstatement/aseanoutlook-on-the-indo-pacific/
Asean.org. (2019b, Juni 23). FINAL CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT OF THE 34 ASEAN SUMMIT BANGKOK, 23 JUNE 2019 ADVANCING PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABILITY. Diperoleh 21 Juni 2023 dari https://asean.org/asean2020/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Final_ChairsStatement-of-the-34th-ASEAN-Summit-rev.pdf
Asean.org. (2022, November 11). China Joint Statement on Strengthening Common and Sustainable Development. ASEAN.org. Diperoleh 19 Juni 2023 dari https://asean.org/asean-china-joint-statement-on-strengtheningcommon-and-sustainable-development/
Asiatoday.id. (2021, November 21). China Dukung Prinsip Indo Pasifik ASEAN | AsiaToday.id. Asiatoday.id. Diperoleh 15 Juni 2023 dari https://asiatoday.id/read/china-dukung-prinsip-indo-pasifik-asean
Asiatoday.id. (2022, July 26). China: Indonesia Mitra Penting di ASEAN dalam Proyek Belt and Road Initiative | AsiaToday.id. Asiatoday.id. Diperoleh 15 Juni 2023 dari https://asiatoday.id/read/china-indonesia-mitra-penting-diasean-dalam-proyek-belt-and-road-initiative
Asmara, C. G. (2019, November 3). Jokowi Siap Kolaborasi Infrastruktur ASEAN dan China. CNBC Indonesia. Diperoleh 19 Juni 2023 dari https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20191103194052-4-112298/jokowisiap-kolaborasi-infrastruktur-asean-dan-china
Assegaff, S. B., Fajarini, E. S., Herari, N., & Setiawati, A. (2024). Message reception analysis in intercultural communication during "Magnetic resonance imaging" Training in hospitals. Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia, 9(1), 211-225. https://doi.org/10.25008/jkiski.v9i1.1010
Ba, A. D. (2019). China’s" Belt and Road" in Southeast Asia: Constructing the Strategic Narrative in Singapore. Asian Perspective, 43(2), 249–272. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/725796/summary
Buku Putih Diplomasi Maritim. (2019). Diperoleh 15 Maret 2023 dari https://jdih.maritim.go.id/cfind/source/files/keputusan-menterimarves/kepmenko-no.-128-tahun-2019-tentang-buku-putih-diplomasi.pdf
Burhanuddin, S., Harefa, K., Nugroho, A. S., Wijayanti, E., Imam, Hafif, A., Batubara, A. M., & Karamoy, O. (2016). Pelayaran Napak Tilas Kerajaan Majapahit Pelayaran Napak Tilas Kerajaan Majapahit. Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Maritim. Diperoleh 20 Maret 2023 dari https://maritim.go.id/konten/unggahan/2021/02/e-spirit-of-majapahit.pdf
Cnnindonesia.com. (2018, September 2). Kebijakan Belt and Road China Sebabkan Utang Besar. CNN Indonesia. Diperoleh 20 Maret 2023 dari https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20180902164934-92-326974/kebijakan-belt-and-road-china-sebabkan-utang-besar
Creswell, J. W. (2015). Penelitian Kualitatif dan Desain Riset: Memilih di Antara Lima Pendekatan.
De Graaf, B., Dimitriu, G., & Ringsmose, J. (Eds.). (2015). Strategic narratives, public opinion and war: Winning domestic support for the Afghan War. Routledge.
Dephub. (2015). Program Tol Laut Resmi Diluncurkan. Diperoleh 20 Maret 2023 dari https://dephub.go.id/post/read/program-tol-laut-resmi-diluncurkan
Dephub.go.id. (2015, Mei 25). Pembangunan Tol Laut Libatkan 24 Pelabuhan. Diperoleh 20 Januari 2023 dari https://dephub.go.id/post/read/pembangunan-tol-laut-libatkan-24- pelabuhan?language=en Dokumen Kebijakan Kelautan Indonesia. (2017). Diperoleh 14 Maret 2023 dari https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/62168
En.tempo.co. (2018, Februari 7). Govt Proposes Strengthening Regional Architecture in Indo-Pacific. Tempo.co English. Diperoleh 24 Juni 2023 dari https://en.tempo.co/read/915533/govt-proposes-strengtheningregional-architecture-in-indo-pacific
Fmprc.gov.cn. (2019, Juli 31). Wang Yi Talks about Indo-Pacific Concept. Wang Yi Talks about Indo-Pacific Concept - Asia. Diperoleh 15 Juni 2023 dari https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/gjhdq_665435/2675_665437/2787_663568/2789_663572/201908/t20190802_524917.html
Harahap, N. (2020). Penelitian Kualitatif (H. Sazali (ed.)). Wal ashri Publishing. Diperoleh 28 November 2022 dari http://repository.uinsu.ac.id/9105/1/BUKU%20METODOLOGI%20PENELITIAN%20KUALITATIF%20DR.%20NURSAPIA%20HARAHAP%2C%20M.HUM.pdf
Hayati, K., & Afriani, A. L. (2022). Identity construction of fans: Virtual community through chat room LINE (Case study EXO-L Bandung community). Journal of Communication & Public Relations, 2(1), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.37535/105002120235
Hubla Dephub. (2022). Tahun 2022 Kemenhub Tetapkan 34 Rute Tol Laut. Diperoleh 28 November 2022 dari https://hubla.dephub.go.id/home/informasi-prosedurpelayanan/11156/TAHUN%202022%20KEMENHUB%20TETAPKAN%2034%20RUTE%20TOL%20LAUT
Jiao, Wu., Yunbi, Zhang. 2013, September 8). Xi proposes a “new Silk Road” with Central Asia. Diperoleh 20 Maret 2023 dari 80 https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013xivisitcenterasia/2013-09/08/content_16952228.htm
Kemenperin. (2017). Kemenperin: Dirjen PPI dan Dirjen KPAII Kemenperin Hadiri China-Indonesia Cooperation Forum. Diperoleh 20 Maret 2023 dari https://kemenperin.go.id/artikel/17713/DirjenPPI-dan-Dirjen-KPAII-Kemenperin-Hadiri-China-IndonesiaCooperation-Forum
Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika. Diperoleh 9 Mei 2023 darihttps://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/9644/utamakan-manfaat-bagi%20rakyat-dalam-kerja-sama-luar-negeri/0/berita
Kemenhan. (2021). Wamenhan: AOIP Menjembatani Kepentingan Indo-Pasifik. Diperoleh 20 Maret 2023 dari https://www.kemhan.go.id/2021/08/23/wamenhan-aoip-%20menjembatani-kepentingan-indo-pasifik.html
Kemlu.go.id. (2018, Januari 9). Pernyataan Pers Tahunan Menteri Luar Negeri Ri Tahun 2018 | Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. Kemlu. Diperoleh 24 Juni 2023 dari https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/758/pidato/pernyataan-pers-tahunanmenteri-luar-negeri-ri-tahun-2018/
KKP. (2022). Jumlah Pulau. Diperoleh 3 November 2022 dari https://kkp.go.id/djprl/p4k/page/4270-jumlah-pulau
Langendonk, S. (2020). Discourse power as a means to ‘struggle for position’: A critical case study of the belt and road Narrative’s effects on foreign policy formulation in the Netherlands. Journal of Chinese PoliticalScience, 25(2), 241–260. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11366-019-09649-4
Litelnoni, K. (2019, September 22). Poros Maritim Dunia dan Belt and Road Initiative. Medium. Diperoleh 20 April 2023 dari https://medium.com/hipotesa-indonesia/poros-maritim-dunia-dan-belt-androad-initiative-883e0d49ed55
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to designand implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Fundamentals of qualitative data analysis. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook, 3.
Miskimmon, A., O’Loughlin, B., & Roselle, L. (2017). Forging the World: Strategic Narratives and International Relations. University of Michigan Press.
Miskimmon, A., O'Loughlin, B., & Roselle, L. (2013). Strategic Narratives: Communication Power and The New World Order (1st edition ed.). Routledge.
Miskimmon, A., O'Loughlin, B., & Roselle, L. (2018). Strategic Narrative: 21st2017
Century Diplomatic Statecraft. Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior, (113), 1-19.
Mt.china-embassy.gov.cn. (2022, August 11). Wang Yi Attends ASEAN-China (10+1) Foreign Ministers' Meeting. Diperoleh 15 Juni 2023 dari http://mt.chinaembassy.gov.cn/eng/zyxwdt/202208/t20220811_10741168.htm
Nainggolan, P. P. (2016). Kebijakan Poros Maritim Dunia Joko Widodo dan Implikasi Internasionalnya. Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri Dan Hubungan Internasional, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.22212/JP.V6I2.312
Nurmawati, E. (2022, Januari). Peran ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific Sebagai Strategi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia Di Kawasan IndoPasifik. JIPAGS (Journal of Indonesian Public Administration and Governance Studies), 6(1).
Oktaveri, J. A. (2014). PROYEK POROS MARITIM: Pemerintah Anggarkan Rp92,65 Triliun. Ekonomi.Bisnis.Com. Diperoleh 20 April 2023 dari https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20141119/45/273988/proyek-porosmaritim-pemerintah-anggarkan-rp9265-triliun
Politik.brin.go.id. (2022, December 20). Sentralitas ASEAN dan Tantangan Keketuaan Indonesia – PUSAT RISET POLITIK. Pusat Riset Politik BRIN. Diperoleh 15 Juni 2023 dari https://politik.brin.go.id/kolom/politikinternasional/sentralitas-asean-dan-tantangan-keketuaan-indonesia/
Prakoso, S. G., Ardita, N. D., Puspitasari, R., & Al Putra, F. A. (2022). The Intersection between China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Indonesia's Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) after Covid-19. Politicon: Jurnal Ilmu Politik, 4(2), 205-236. https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/politicon/article/view/18257
BPMI Setpres UN. (2023, Juli 27). Presiden Jokowi Lakukan Pertemuan Bilateral dengan Presiden Xi Jinping. Presiden RI. Diperoleh 10 Mei 2023 https://setkab.go.id/presiden-jokowi-lakukan-pertemuan-bilateral-dengan-presiden-xi-jinping/
Priangani, A., Kunkunrat, K., & Saputra, R. M. S. (2021). China’S Debt Trap pada Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) melalui model Tributary System ala Dinasti Ming-Qing dalam Pembangunan Infrastruktur di Timor Leste. Jurnal Academia Praja, 4(2), 317–332. Diperoleh 8 Mei 2023 dari https://asean.org/speechandstatement/asean-outlook-on-the-indo-pacific/
Rosyidin, M. (2021). The cult of glory: national myth and the idea of Global aritime Fulcrum in Indonesia’s foreign policy, 2014–2019. South East Asia Research, 29(3), 297-314. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0967828X.2021.1954484
Riyanto, B., Djumala, D., & Tan, Y. (2023). Indonesia’s Strategic Narrative on the New Dynamics of Great Power Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific. JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies), 11(1), 143-166.
Scott, D. (2019). Indonesia Grapples with the Indo-Pacific: Outreach, Strategic Discourse, and Diplomacy. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 38(2), 194-217. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1868103419860669
Sekretarian Nasional ASEAN - Indonesia. (2018, August 1). Indonesia. Sekretariat Nasional ASEAN – Indonesia. Diperoleh 20 April 2023 dari https://203.217.188.120/siaran-pers/read/pernyataan-menteri-luar-negeripada-pertemuan-ke-51-menteri-luar-negeri-asean-di-singapura
Setkab.go.id. (2014, November 14). Pidato Presiden RI Joko Widodo Pada KTT ke-9 Asia Timur, di Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 13 November 2014.
Setkab.go.id. Diperoleh 8 Mei 2023 dari https://setkab.go.id/pidatopresiden-ri- joko-widodo-pada-ktt-ke-9-asia-timur-di-nay-pyi-taw-myanmar13-november- 2014/
Setkab.go.id. (2017a, Maret 2017). Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia | PresidenJokowi Teken Perpres Kebijakan Kelautan Indonesia. https://setkab.go.id/presiden-jokowi-teken-perpres-kebijakan-kelautanindonesia/
Setkab.go.id. (2017b, Mei 14). Usai Hadiri Pembukaan KTT, Presiden Jokowi Akan Kunjungi Masjid Niujie di Beijing. Sekretariat Kabinet. Diperoleh 21 Juni 2023 dari https://setkab.go.id/usai-hadiri-pembukaan-ktt-presidenjokowi-akan-kunjungi-masjid-niujie-di-beijing/
Setkab.go.id. (2017c, April 29). Hindari Jadi Proxy Rivalitas Kekuatan, Presiden Jokowi Dorong ASEAN Jadi Solusi Dunia. Sekretariat Kabinet. Diperoleh 15 Juni 2023 dari https://setkab.go.id/hin-jadi-proxy-rivalitas-kekuatanpresiden-jokowi-dorong-asean-jadi-solusi-dunia/
Setkab.go.id. (2019, November 3). President Jokowi: Turn Rivals into Partners through ASEAN Outlook on Indo-Pacific. Sekretariat Kabinet. Diperoleh 20 Juni 2023 dari https://setkab.go.id/en/president-jokowi-turn-rivals-intopartners-through-asean-outlook-on-indo-pacific/
Setkab.go.id. (2022). Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia | Pemerintah Terbitkan Perpres Rencana Aksi Kebijakan Kelautan Indonesia 2021-2025. https://setkab.go.id/pemerintah-terbitkan-perpres-rencana-aksikebijakan-kelautan-indonesia-2021-2025/
Setyorini, I. D., Abdillah, A. A. E., Pahlevi, A. J., Bintoro, A. P., Defianti, D., Florens, M., Rosanda, N., & Qardhawi, R. (2022). DIPLOMASI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA DALAM ASEAN OUTLOOK ON THE INDOPACIFIC (AOIP). Jurnal Transformasi Global, 9(2), 113-125. https://transformasiglobal.ub.ac.id/index.php/trans/article/view/317
Singh, D., & Cook, M. (2017). Southeast Asian Affairs 2017. Singapore: ISEAS -Yusof Ishak Institute. Diperoleh 24 Juni 2023 dari https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/2219#contents
Siregar, A. Z., & Harahap, N. (2019). Strategi dan Teknik Penulisan Karya Tulis Ilmiah dan Publikasi. Deepublish.
Sorongan, Tommy Patrio. (2023, April 14). Fenomena Jebakan Utang China & Ambisi Xi Jinping Kuasai Dunia. CNBC Indonesia. Diperoleh 20 Maret 2023 dari https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20230414135859-4-429993/fenomena-jebakan-utang-china-ambisi-xi-jinping-kuasai-dunia
Sriyanto, N. (2018). Global maritime fulcrum, Indonesia-China growing relations, and Indonesia's middlepowermanship in the East Asia region. Jurnal Kajian Wilayah, 9(1), 1-19.
Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D. Alfabeta, CV, April. https://openlibrary.telkomuniversity.ac.id/home/catalog/id/10026/slug/metode-penelitian-kuantitatif-kualitatif-dan-r-d.html
Sukma, R. (2014, Agustus 21). Gagasan Poros Maritim Halaman all - Kompas.com. Kompas Money. Diperoleh 24 Juni 2023 dari from https://money.kompas.com/read/2014/08/21/080000726/Gagasan.Poros.Maritim?page=all#page2
Sukoyo, Y. (2014, September 5). Andi Widjajanto, Terdepan Membela Visi-Misi Jokowi. BeritaSatu.com. Diperoleh 24 Juni 2023 dari 90 http://www.beritasatu.com/politik/207984-andi-widjajanto-terdepanmembela-visimisi-jokowi.html
Sulistyani, Y. A., Citra Pertiwi, A., Sari, M. I., & Artikel, R. (2021). Respons Indonesia Terhadap Sengketa Laut China Selatan Semasa Pemerintahan Joko Widodo [Indonesia’s Responses toward the South China Sea Dispute During Joko Widodo’s Administration. Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri Dan Hubungan Internasional, 12(1), 85–103.
van Noort, C. (2020). Strategic narratives, visuality and infrastructure in the digital age: The case of China’s maritime Silk Road initiative. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 33(5), 734-751. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2020.1741513
van Noort, C. (2021). The aesthetic power of ships in international political communication: Why ships matter in China’s communication of the maritime Silk Road initiative. Global Society, 36(4), 516-537. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2021.1942801
van Noort, C., & Colley, T. (2020a). How do strategic narratives shape policy adoption? Responses to China's Belt and Road initiative. Review of International Studies, 47(1), 39-63. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0260210520000388
Vibizmedia. (2015). Rancangan Tol Laut Dalam RPJMN 2015-2019 - Vibizmedia.com. Diperoleh 20 maret 2023 dari https://www.vibizmedia.com/2015/03/18/rancangan-tol-laut-dalam-rpjmn2015-2019/
Widodo, J., & Kalla, J. (2014). “Jalan Perubahan untuk Indonesia yang Berdaulat, Mandiri dan Berkepribadian: Visi Misi, dan Program Aksi.”
Wulan, K. T., Sushanti, S., & Putri, P. K. (2021). Kepentingan Indonesia dalam Menginisiasi Pembentukan ASEAN Outlook on Indo-Pacific (AOIP) Tahun 2017. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 2(1), 1–15. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/hi/article/download/74330/39892
Yamin, M., & Windyamadaksa, S. (2017). Pembangunan kereta cepat JakartaBandung sebagai mercusuar hubungan Indonesia-Tiongkok. Jurnal Politik Profetik, 5(2). https://journal3.uinalauddin.ac.id/index.php/jpp/article/view/4345
Zhao, H. (2015). China's New Maritime Silk Road: Implications and Opportunities for Southeast Asia. ISEAS Publishing, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Zulham, M. (2021). The Importance of Belt and Road Initiatives for Indonesia in Realizing the Global Maritime Fulcrum. Jurnal Maritim Indonesia (Indonesian Maritime Journal), 9(3), 312-322. https://jurnalmaritim.tnial.mil.id/index.php/IMJ/article/view/93/69
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Budi Riyanto, Rossabel Mellyana Vadra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright rules apply for the articles that are featured in COMMENTATE: Journal of Communication Management
- COMMENTATE: Journal of Communication Management holds the right to be the first to publish the article.
- Authors will still be the copyright holder for their articles published on COMMENTATE: Journal of Communication Management and can use it freely as long as it does not violate the rules.
- Papers featured on COMMENTATE: Journal of Communication Management are under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Further details can be access on Open Access Policy.
