Jangkauan Siaran Televisi Swasta di Indonesia
Sebuah Tinjauan Ekonomi-Politik
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37535/101007220206Keywords:
Dominasi, Jangkauan siaran, Stasiun TV swasta, Politik pertelevisian, Jaringan penyiaran TVAbstract
Di setiap negara di dunia, penyiaran TV menempati posisi yang sangat penting. Tiap pemerintahan mengendalikan bisnis penyiaran tersebut sesuai kepentingan politiknya sendiri. Di Indonesia, pemerintah mengatur industri penyiaran ini melalui Undang-Undang Penyiaran nomor 32 tahun 2002, dilengkapi dengan beberapa peraturan pemerintah. Berdasarkan peraturan tersebut, semua stasiun TV diwajibkan menyiarkan siarannya secara lokal, kecuali melalui siaran berjejaring. Tujuan peraturan ini, pemerintah ingin memunculkan keanekaragaman konten dan kepemilikan, sehingga dominasi dapat dihindari. Namun dalam prakteknya, sistem jaringan siaran menempatkan jaringan TV induk lebih dominan dibanding anggota jaringan sehingga beberapa stasiun TV mendominasi penyiaran di Indonesia. Artikel ini mengungkap stasiun TV yang mendominasi, berdasar studi literatur. Menurut analisa data, dari 671 stasiun TV komersial yang mengudara secara gratis, 14-stasiun TV swasta cenderung mendominasi dimana 8 perusahaan mengelola stasiun-stasiun TV besar tersebut. Kedelapan perusahaan ini terdiri dari MNC Group, EMTEK, Viva Media Asia, CT Corp. KKG, Media Indonesia, Rajawali Corp, dan Indigo Multimedia. Semua stasiun TV dominan berasal dari Jakarta, dan jangkauan siarannya sangat bervariasi di 22 hingga 32 provinsi di Indonesia. Cakupan siaran ini cenderung melanggar peraturan penyiaran. Pemerintah cenderung abai atas pelanggaran ini. Pemilik kedelapan perusahaan tersebut berasal dari kalangan pengusaha, jurnalis, praktisi televisi, dan politisi.
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Balcı, Ş., & Ayhan, B. (2015). Patterns of television viewing behavior in Kyrgyzstan: A Perspective of uses and gratifications. Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World, 75, 275–312.
Baumann, S., & Hasenpusch, T. C. (2016). Multi-platform television and business models: A babylonian clutter of definitions and concepts. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 11(1), 85–102.
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Bhatti, A. A., Ali, H., & Hassan, A. (2016). The role of electronic media in political awareness among youth of district okara in pakistan. International Journal for Social Studies, 7(3), 539–541.
Bolin, G. (2014). Television Journalism, Politics, and Entertainment: Power and Autonomy in the Field of Television Journalism. Television & New Media, 15(4), 336–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476414525671
Brown, D., Lauricella, S., Douai, A., & Zaidi, A. (2012). Consuming television crime drama: A uses and gratifications approach. American Communication Journal, 14(1), 47–60.
Corbett, K. (1996). The Rise of Private Property Rights in the Broadcast Spectrum. Duke Law Journal, 46, 611–651.
Dominic, Y. R. (2001). Broadcasting, Cable, and the internet and beyond, an introduction to the modern electronic media. Singapore: McGrawhill Book & Co.
EMTEK. (2016). Boundless Possibilities Ahead. Jakarta.
Enrique, Z.-P. (1993). The Argentina case: Television in the 1989 presidential election. In S. Thomas E (Ed.), Television, politics, and the transition to democracy in Latin America (pp. 55–80). Washington DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
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Gurleen, E. K., & Sukhmani, D. (2011). A study of TV viewership patterns among youngsters in Northern India. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(5), 141–160.
Harianto, R. (2014). Realitas TV Lokal dan Celah Hukum : Studi Kasus Kerjasama Kompas TV dan BCTV Surabaya. 04.
Hollander, E., D’Haenens, L., & Bardoel, J. (2009). Television performance in Indonesia: Steering between civil society, state and market. Asian Journal of Communication, 19(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292980802618098
Jebril, N., Stetka, V., & Loveless, M. (2013). Media and Democratisation: What is Known about the Role of Mass Media in Transitions to Democracy. London.
Kitley, P. (2000). Television, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia. In G. Berchowitz (Ed.), Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy (Vol. 1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0210300120
Kominfo. (2016). The List of Indonesia TV stations. Jakarta.
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KPI. (2017). Sistem Siaran Jaringan di Indonesia. Jakarta.
Kunelius, R., & Reunanen, E. (2012). Media in political power: A parsonian view on the differentiated mediatization of Finnish decision makers. International Journal of Press/Politics, 17(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211424207
Lim, M. (2011). @ Crossroads: Democratization & Corporatization of Media in Indonesia (pp. 1–32). pp. 1–32. Participatory Media Lab & Ford Foundation.
Lubatkin, M. H., Ling, Y., & Schulze, W. S. (2007). An organizational justice-based view of self-control and agency costs in family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(6), 955–971. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00673.x
Maniago, E. R. D. (2007). Communication Variables Favoring Celebrity Candidates in Becoming Politicians: A Case Study of the 1998 and 2004 Elections in the Philippines. Southeast Asian Studies, 44(4), 494–518.
MarketLine. (2017). Broadcasting & Cable TV in Indonesia. London.
Masduki. (2006). Kontroversi regulasi penyiaran di Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi, 1(1), 53–64.
McCombs, M. (2004). Setting the agenda, The mass media and the public opinion. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
MCMC. (2018). Connectivity: Key to digital transformation, industry performance report 2018.
Mehraj, H. K., Bhat, A. N., & Mehraj, H. R. (2014). Impacts of media on society: A sociological perspective. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 3(6), 56–64.
Mishra, A. K. (2016). Economic and Business Television Channels in India and their role in propagating the contents for common man. Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (OJMR), 2(3), 32–44.
MNC. (2017). King of Prime Time, Annual Report. Jakarta.
Nugroho, Y., Putri, D. A., & Laksmi, S. (2012). Mapping the landscape of the media industry in contemporary Indonesia. Jakarta.
Oates, S., & Roselle, L. (2000). Russian Elections and TV News: Comparison of Campaign News on State-Controlled and Commercial Television Channels. International Journal of Press/Politics, 5(2), 30–51.
OECD. (2013). Policy Roundtables: Competition Issues in Television and Broadcasting. Paris.
Okky, I. F. N. (2008). Deskripsi Kebijakan dan Proses Produksi Tayangan di Trans TV dan Trans 7 Pasca Integrasi Horozontal dibawah Trans Corpora. Universitas Indonesia.
Pansardi, P. (2013). A non-normative theory of power and domination. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 16(5), 614–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2012.691204
Perez-Linan, A. (2002). Television News and Political Partisanship in Latin America. Political Research Quarterly, 55(3), 571–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290205500304
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2018). Philippines in Figures 2018.
Popoola, I. S. (2004). Broadcast Media and the New Revenue Generation Drive: A Threat to Human Rights. International Journal of Communication, (1), 135–144.
Porto, M. (2007). TV news and political change in Brazil: The impact of democratization on TV Globo’s journalism. Journal of Journalism, 8(4), 363–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884907078656
PWC. (2016). China entertainment and media outlook 2016-2020.
Rianto, P., & Poerwaningtias, I. (2013). TV publik dan lokalitas budaya: Urgensinya di tengah dominasi TV swasta Jakarta. Jurnal Komunikasi, 7(2), 163–176.
Rui, J. R., & Stefanone, M. A. (2016). The Desire for Fame: An Extension of Uses and Gratifications Theory. Communication Studies, 67(4), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2016.1156006
Sakr, N. (2012). Social Media, Television Talk Shows, and Political Change in Egypt. Television & New Media, 14(4), 322–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476412463446
Sari, I. P. (2018). Keberpihakan media dalam pemilihan presiden 2014. Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi, 21(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.20422/jpk.v21i1.492
Schlütz, D. M. (2015). Contemporary Quality TV: The Entertainment Experience of Complex Serial Narratives. Annals of the International Communication Association, 40(1), 95–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2015.11735257
SCM. (2012). SCM Annual Report: Exciting Future. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201100130
Sen, K., & Hill, D. T. (2007). Media, Culture, and Politics in Indonesia (p. 51). p. 51. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?id=xMhWm38KQcsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=id&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Shade, D. D., Kornfield, S., & Oliver, M. B. (2015). The Uses and Gratifications of Media Migration: Investigating the Activities, Motivations, and Predictors of Migration Behaviors Originating in Entertainment Television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(2), 318–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1029121
Souisa, H. Y. (2017). Regulating convergence: Challenges for contemporary media in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Media and Communication, 1(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.20885/asjmc.vol1.iss1.art3
Straubhaar, J., Olsen, O., & Nunes, M. C. (1993). The Brazilian case: Influencing the voter. In S. Thomas E (Ed.), Television, politics, and the transition to democracy in Latin America (pp. 118–135). Washington DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Sudibyo, A. (2004). Ekonomi politik media penyiaran. Yogyakarta: LKiS Pelangi Aksara.
Sudibyo, A., & Patria, N. (2013). The television industry in Post-authoritarian Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 43(2), 257–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2012.757434
Undang-Undang Penyiaran. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2002 Tentang Penyiaran. , (2002).
Viva. (2016). Convergence for Growth.
Walker, C., Orttung, R. W., Walker, C., & Orttung, R. W. (2014). Breaking the News : The Role of State-Run Media. Journal of Democracy, 25(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2014.0015
Widyatama, R. (2017a). A Comparison of the Television Broadcasting Business in The United States of America and Indonesia. International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 02(10), 5604–5622.
Widyatama, R. (2017b). Capitalism vs business ethics in Indonesia’s television broadcasting. SEA-Practical Applitacion of Science, VI(16), 27–35.
Widyatama, R. (2018). The impact of ambiguity regulation in Indonesia’s television industry. Actual Problems Of Economics, 1(199), 28–38.
Woods&Poole Economics. (2019). Local broadcasting: An engine for economic growth. Washington DC.
Zarbaliyev, H. (2017). Multiculturalism in globalization era: History and challenge for Indonesia. International Journal of Scientific Studies, 13(1), 1–16.
Ardiyanti, H. (2014). Keberpihakan Televisi pada Pemilu Presiden 2014. Jurnal Info Singkat, VI(10), 14–20.
Ariyani, R. R., & Evan. (2014, May). Bikin RTV, Bisnis Peter Sondakh Kian Menggurita. Tempo.Co Bisnis, 1.
Balcı, Ş., & Ayhan, B. (2015). Patterns of television viewing behavior in Kyrgyzstan: A Perspective of uses and gratifications. Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World, 75, 275–312.
Baumann, S., & Hasenpusch, T. C. (2016). Multi-platform television and business models: A babylonian clutter of definitions and concepts. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 11(1), 85–102.
Belekubun, S., Unde, A. A., & Cangara, H. (2015). Opini Tokoh Partai Politik Terhadap Keberpihakan TV One dan Metro TV dalam Pilplres 2014 Di Sulawesi Selatan. Jurnal Komunikasi KAREBA, 4(2), 88–100.
Bhatt, A., & Singh, G. (2017). A study of television viewing habits among rural women of Tehri Garhwal District. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22(7), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2207024456
Bhatti, A. A., Ali, H., & Hassan, A. (2016). The role of electronic media in political awareness among youth of district okara in pakistan. International Journal for Social Studies, 7(3), 539–541.
Bolin, G. (2014). Television Journalism, Politics, and Entertainment: Power and Autonomy in the Field of Television Journalism. Television & New Media, 15(4), 336–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476414525671
Brown, D., Lauricella, S., Douai, A., & Zaidi, A. (2012). Consuming television crime drama: A uses and gratifications approach. American Communication Journal, 14(1), 47–60.
Corbett, K. (1996). The Rise of Private Property Rights in the Broadcast Spectrum. Duke Law Journal, 46, 611–651.
Dominic, Y. R. (2001). Broadcasting, Cable, and the internet and beyond, an introduction to the modern electronic media. Singapore: McGrawhill Book & Co.
EMTEK. (2016). Boundless Possibilities Ahead. Jakarta.
Enrique, Z.-P. (1993). The Argentina case: Television in the 1989 presidential election. In S. Thomas E (Ed.), Television, politics, and the transition to democracy in Latin America (pp. 55–80). Washington DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Eriyanto, A., & Mutmainnah, N. (2019). Indonesia - Media Landscape (pp. 5–6). pp. 5–6. European Journalism Centre (EJC).
Gautam. (2015). Effects of News Talk Shows in Voting Behavior. Journal of Mass Communication & Journalism, 05(06), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7912.1000262
Grace Swestin. (2008). When media and politics collide: the involvement of Indonesian media practitioners in politics in the wake of democracy. Scriptura, 2(2), 106–116. https://doi.org/10.9744/scriptura.2.2.106-116
Gurleen, E. K., & Sukhmani, D. (2011). A study of TV viewership patterns among youngsters in Northern India. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(5), 141–160.
Harianto, R. (2014). Realitas TV Lokal dan Celah Hukum : Studi Kasus Kerjasama Kompas TV dan BCTV Surabaya. 04.
Hollander, E., D’Haenens, L., & Bardoel, J. (2009). Television performance in Indonesia: Steering between civil society, state and market. Asian Journal of Communication, 19(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292980802618098
Jebril, N., Stetka, V., & Loveless, M. (2013). Media and Democratisation: What is Known about the Role of Mass Media in Transitions to Democracy. London.
Kitley, P. (2000). Television, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia. In G. Berchowitz (Ed.), Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy (Vol. 1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0210300120
Kominfo. (2016). The List of Indonesia TV stations. Jakarta.
Kominfo. (2017). TV Broadcast in Indonesia, 2017 (p. 19). p. 19. Jakarta: Kominfo.
KPI. (2017). Sistem Siaran Jaringan di Indonesia. Jakarta.
Kunelius, R., & Reunanen, E. (2012). Media in political power: A parsonian view on the differentiated mediatization of Finnish decision makers. International Journal of Press/Politics, 17(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211424207
Lim, M. (2011). @ Crossroads: Democratization & Corporatization of Media in Indonesia (pp. 1–32). pp. 1–32. Participatory Media Lab & Ford Foundation.
Lubatkin, M. H., Ling, Y., & Schulze, W. S. (2007). An organizational justice-based view of self-control and agency costs in family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(6), 955–971. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00673.x
Maniago, E. R. D. (2007). Communication Variables Favoring Celebrity Candidates in Becoming Politicians: A Case Study of the 1998 and 2004 Elections in the Philippines. Southeast Asian Studies, 44(4), 494–518.
MarketLine. (2017). Broadcasting & Cable TV in Indonesia. London.
Masduki. (2006). Kontroversi regulasi penyiaran di Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi, 1(1), 53–64.
McCombs, M. (2004). Setting the agenda, The mass media and the public opinion. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
MCMC. (2018). Connectivity: Key to digital transformation, industry performance report 2018.
Mehraj, H. K., Bhat, A. N., & Mehraj, H. R. (2014). Impacts of media on society: A sociological perspective. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 3(6), 56–64.
Mishra, A. K. (2016). Economic and Business Television Channels in India and their role in propagating the contents for common man. Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (OJMR), 2(3), 32–44.
MNC. (2017). King of Prime Time, Annual Report. Jakarta.
Nugroho, Y., Putri, D. A., & Laksmi, S. (2012). Mapping the landscape of the media industry in contemporary Indonesia. Jakarta.
Oates, S., & Roselle, L. (2000). Russian Elections and TV News: Comparison of Campaign News on State-Controlled and Commercial Television Channels. International Journal of Press/Politics, 5(2), 30–51.
OECD. (2013). Policy Roundtables: Competition Issues in Television and Broadcasting. Paris.
Okky, I. F. N. (2008). Deskripsi Kebijakan dan Proses Produksi Tayangan di Trans TV dan Trans 7 Pasca Integrasi Horozontal dibawah Trans Corpora. Universitas Indonesia.
Pansardi, P. (2013). A non-normative theory of power and domination. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 16(5), 614–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2012.691204
Perez-Linan, A. (2002). Television News and Political Partisanship in Latin America. Political Research Quarterly, 55(3), 571–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290205500304
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2018). Philippines in Figures 2018.
Popoola, I. S. (2004). Broadcast Media and the New Revenue Generation Drive: A Threat to Human Rights. International Journal of Communication, (1), 135–144.
Porto, M. (2007). TV news and political change in Brazil: The impact of democratization on TV Globo’s journalism. Journal of Journalism, 8(4), 363–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884907078656
PWC. (2016). China entertainment and media outlook 2016-2020.
Rianto, P., & Poerwaningtias, I. (2013). TV publik dan lokalitas budaya: Urgensinya di tengah dominasi TV swasta Jakarta. Jurnal Komunikasi, 7(2), 163–176.
Rui, J. R., & Stefanone, M. A. (2016). The Desire for Fame: An Extension of Uses and Gratifications Theory. Communication Studies, 67(4), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2016.1156006
Sakr, N. (2012). Social Media, Television Talk Shows, and Political Change in Egypt. Television & New Media, 14(4), 322–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476412463446
Sari, I. P. (2018). Keberpihakan media dalam pemilihan presiden 2014. Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi, 21(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.20422/jpk.v21i1.492
Schlütz, D. M. (2015). Contemporary Quality TV: The Entertainment Experience of Complex Serial Narratives. Annals of the International Communication Association, 40(1), 95–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2015.11735257
SCM. (2012). SCM Annual Report: Exciting Future. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201100130
Sen, K., & Hill, D. T. (2007). Media, Culture, and Politics in Indonesia (p. 51). p. 51. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?id=xMhWm38KQcsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=id&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Shade, D. D., Kornfield, S., & Oliver, M. B. (2015). The Uses and Gratifications of Media Migration: Investigating the Activities, Motivations, and Predictors of Migration Behaviors Originating in Entertainment Television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(2), 318–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1029121
Souisa, H. Y. (2017). Regulating convergence: Challenges for contemporary media in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Media and Communication, 1(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.20885/asjmc.vol1.iss1.art3
Straubhaar, J., Olsen, O., & Nunes, M. C. (1993). The Brazilian case: Influencing the voter. In S. Thomas E (Ed.), Television, politics, and the transition to democracy in Latin America (pp. 118–135). Washington DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Sudibyo, A. (2004). Ekonomi politik media penyiaran. Yogyakarta: LKiS Pelangi Aksara.
Sudibyo, A., & Patria, N. (2013). The television industry in Post-authoritarian Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 43(2), 257–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2012.757434
Undang-Undang Penyiaran. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2002 Tentang Penyiaran. , (2002).
Viva. (2016). Convergence for Growth.
Walker, C., Orttung, R. W., Walker, C., & Orttung, R. W. (2014). Breaking the News : The Role of State-Run Media. Journal of Democracy, 25(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2014.0015
Widyatama, R. (2017a). A Comparison of the Television Broadcasting Business in The United States of America and Indonesia. International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 02(10), 5604–5622.
Widyatama, R. (2017b). Capitalism vs business ethics in Indonesia’s television broadcasting. SEA-Practical Applitacion of Science, VI(16), 27–35.
Widyatama, R. (2018). The impact of ambiguity regulation in Indonesia’s television industry. Actual Problems Of Economics, 1(199), 28–38.
Woods&Poole Economics. (2019). Local broadcasting: An engine for economic growth. Washington DC.
Zarbaliyev, H. (2017). Multiculturalism in globalization era: History and challenge for Indonesia. International Journal of Scientific Studies, 13(1), 1–16.
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Published
2020-12-29
How to Cite
Widyatama, R. (2020). Jangkauan Siaran Televisi Swasta di Indonesia: Sebuah Tinjauan Ekonomi-Politik. Communicare : Journal of Communication Studies, 7(2), 190–211. https://doi.org/10.37535/101007220206
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